#Bash 的 tar 命令

TAR(1)                           GNU TAR Manual                          TAR(1)

NAME
       tar - an archiving utility

SYNOPSIS
   Traditional usage
       tar {A|c|d|r|t|u|x}[GnSkUWOmpsMBiajJzZhPlRvwo] [ARG...]

   UNIX-style usage
       tar -A [OPTIONS] -f ARCHIVE ARCHIVE...

       tar -c [-f ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] [FILE...]

       tar -d [-f ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] [FILE...]

       tar -r [-f ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] [FILE...]

       tar -t [-f ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] [MEMBER...]

       tar -u [-f ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] [FILE...]

       tar -x [-f ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] [MEMBER...]

   GNU-style usage
       tar {--catenate|--concatenate} [OPTIONS] --file ARCHIVE ARCHIVE...

       tar --create [--file ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] [FILE...]

       tar {--diff|--compare} [--file ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] [FILE...]

       tar --delete [--file ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] [MEMBER...]

       tar --append [--file ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] [FILE...]

       tar --list [--file ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] [MEMBER...]

       tar --test-label [--file ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] [LABEL...]

       tar --update [--file ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] [FILE...]

       tar {--extract|--get} [--file ARCHIVE] [OPTIONS] [MEMBER...]

NOTE
       This  manpage is a short description of GNU tar.  For a detailed discus‐
       sion, including examples and usage recommendations, refer to the GNU Tar
       Manual available in texinfo format.  If the info reader and the tar doc‐
       umentation are properly installed on your system, the command

           info tar

       should give you access to the complete manual.

       You can also view the manual using the info mode in emacs(1), or find it
       in various formats online at

           https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual

       If any discrepancies occur between this manpage and the GNU Tar  Manual,
       the later shall be considered the authoritative source.

DESCRIPTION
       GNU  tar  is  an archiving program designed to store multiple files in a
       single file (an archive), and to manipulate such archives.  The  archive
       can  be  either a regular file or a device (e.g. a tape drive, hence the
       name of the program, which stands for tape archiver), which can  be  lo‐
       cated either on the local or on a remote machine.

   Option styles
       Options  to  GNU  tar can be given in three different styles.  In tradi‐
       tional style, the first argument is a cluster of option letters and  all
       subsequent  arguments  supply  arguments  to  those options that require
       them.  The arguments are read in the same order as the  option  letters.
       Any command line words that remain after all options have been processed
       are treated as non-option arguments: file or archive member names.

       For  example,  the  c option requires creating the archive, the v option
       requests the verbose operation, and the f option takes an argument  that
       sets  the  name  of the archive to operate upon.  The following command,
       written in the traditional style, instructs tar to store all files  from
       the  directory /etc into the archive file etc.tar, verbosely listing the
       files being archived:

       tar cfv etc.tar /etc

       In UNIX or short-option style, each option letter  is  prefixed  with  a
       single  dash, as in other command line utilities.  If an option takes an
       argument, the argument follows it, either as  a  separate  command  line
       word, or immediately following the option.  However, if the option takes
       an optional argument, the argument must follow the option letter without
       any intervening whitespace, as in -g/tmp/snar.db.

       Any number of options not taking arguments can be clustered together af‐
       ter a single dash, e.g. -vkp.  An option that takes an argument (whether
       mandatory  or  optional)  can  appear at the end of such a cluster, e.g.
       -vkpf a.tar.

       The example command above written in the short-option style  could  look
       like:

       tar -cvf etc.tar /etc
       or
       tar -c -v -f etc.tar /etc

       In  GNU or long-option style, each option begins with two dashes and has
       a meaningful name, consisting of lower-case letters  and  dashes.   When
       used,  the  long  option can be abbreviated to its initial letters, pro‐
       vided that this does not create ambiguity.  Arguments  to  long  options
       are supplied either as a separate command line word, immediately follow‐
       ing  the  option, or separated from the option by an equals sign with no
       intervening whitespace.  Optional arguments must always use  the  latter
       method.

       Here are several ways of writing the example command in this style:

       tar --create --file etc.tar --verbose /etc
       or (abbreviating some options):
       tar --cre --file=etc.tar --verb /etc

       The  options  in  all  three styles can be intermixed, although doing so
       with old options is not encouraged.

   Operation mode
       The options listed in the table below tell GNU tar what operation it  is
       to  perform.  Exactly one of them must be given.  The meaning of non-op‐
       tion arguments depends on the operation mode requested.

       -A, --catenate, --concatenate
              Append archives to the end of another archive.  The arguments are
              treated as the names of archives to append.  All archives must be
              of the same format as the archive they are appended to, otherwise
              the resulting archive might be unusable with non-GNU  implementa‐
              tions  of  tar.   Notice  also that when more than one archive is
              given, the members from archives other than the first one will be
              accessible in the resulting archive only when using the -i (--ig‐
              nore-zeros) option.

              Compressed archives cannot be concatenated.

       -c, --create
              Create a new archive.  Arguments supply the names of the files to
              be archived.  Directories are archived  recursively,  unless  the
              --no-recursion option is given.

       -d, --diff, --compare
              Find  differences between archive and file system.  The arguments
              are optional and specify archive  members  to  compare.   If  not
              given, the current working directory is assumed.

       --delete
              Delete  from  the  archive.   The  arguments  supply names of the
              archive members to be removed.  At least  one  argument  must  be
              given.

              This option does not operate on compressed archives.  There is no
              short option equivalent.

       -r, --append
              Append  files  to the end of an archive.  Arguments have the same
              meaning as for -c (--create).

       -t, --list
              List the contents of an archive.  Arguments are  optional.   When
              given, they specify the names of the members to list.

       --test-label
              Test  the archive volume label and exit.  When used without argu‐
              ments, it prints the volume label (if any) and exits with  status
              0.   When one or more command line arguments are given.  tar com‐
              pares the volume label with each argument.  It exits with code  0
              if  a  match  is  found, and with code 1 otherwise.  No output is
              displayed, unless used together with the -v (--verbose) option.

              There is no short option equivalent for this option.

       -u, --update
              Append files which are newer than the corresponding copy  in  the
              archive.   Arguments  have the same meaning as with the -c and -r
              options.  Notice,  that  newer  files  don't  replace  their  old
              archive  copies,  but instead are appended to the end of archive.
              The resulting archive can thus contain  several  members  of  the
              same name, corresponding to various versions of the same file.

       -x, --extract, --get
              Extract  files  from  an  archive.  Arguments are optional.  When
              given, they specify names of the archive members to be extracted.

       --show-defaults
              Show built-in defaults for various tar options and exit.

       -?, --help
              Display a short option summary and exit.

       --usage
              Display a list of available options and exit.

       --version
              Print program version and copyright information and exit.

OPTIONS
   Operation modifiers
       --check-device
              Check device numbers  when  creating  incremental  archives  (de‐
              fault).

       -g, --listed-incremental=FILE
              Handle new GNU-format incremental backups.  FILE is the name of a
              snapshot  file,  where tar stores additional information which is
              used to decide which files changed since the previous incremental
              dump and, consequently, must be dumped again.  If FILE  does  not
              exist  when creating an archive, it will be created and all files
              will be added to the resulting archive (the level  0  dump).   To
              create  incremental archives of non-zero level N, you need a copy
              of the snapshot file created for level N-1, and use it as FILE.

              When listing or extracting, the actual content of FILE is not in‐
              spected, it is needed only due to syntactical  requirements.   It
              is therefore common practice to use /dev/null in its place.

       --hole-detection=METHOD
              Use  METHOD to detect holes in sparse files.  This option implies
              --sparse.  Valid values for METHOD are seek and raw.  Default  is
              seek with fallback to raw when not applicable.

       -G, --incremental
              Handle old GNU-format incremental backups.

       --ignore-failed-read
              Do not exit with nonzero on unreadable files.

       --level=NUMBER
              Set  dump  level  for a created listed-incremental archive.  Cur‐
              rently only --level=0 is meaningful: it instructs tar to truncate
              the snapshot file before dumping, thereby forcing a level 0 dump.

       -n, --seek
              Assume the archive is seekable.  Normally tar determines automat‐
              ically whether the archive can be seeked or not.  This option  is
              intended  for use in cases when such recognition fails.  It takes
              effect only if the archive is open for reading (e.g. with  --list
              or --extract options).

       --no-check-device
              Do not check device numbers when creating incremental archives.

       --no-seek
              Assume the archive is not seekable.

       --occurrence[=N]
              Process  only  the  Nth  occurrence  of each file in the archive.
              This option is valid only when used with  one  of  the  following
              subcommands:  --delete,  --diff,  --extract  or --list and when a
              list of files is given either on the command line or via  the  -T
              option.  The default N is 1.

       --restrict
              Disable the use of some potentially harmful options.

       --sparse-version=MAJOR[.MINOR]
              Set  which  version of the sparse format to use.  This option im‐
              plies --sparse.  Valid argument values are  0.0,  0.1,  and  1.0.
              For a detailed discussion of sparse formats, refer to the GNU Tar
              Manual,  appendix D, "Sparse Formats".  Using the info reader, it
              can be accessed running the following command: info  tar  'Sparse
              Formats'.

       -S, --sparse
              Handle  sparse  files efficiently.  Some files in the file system
              may have segments which were actually never written (quite  often
              these  are  database files created by such systems as DBM).  When
              given this option, tar attempts  to  determine  if  the  file  is
              sparse  prior to archiving it, and if so, to reduce the resulting
              archive size by not dumping empty parts of the file.

   Overwrite control
       These options control tar actions when extracting a file over an  exist‐
       ing copy on disk.

       -k, --keep-old-files
              Don't replace existing files when extracting.

       --keep-newer-files
              Don't  replace  existing  files that are newer than their archive
              copies.

       --keep-directory-symlink
              Don't replace existing symlinks to directories when extracting.

       --no-overwrite-dir
              Preserve metadata of existing directories.

       --one-top-level[=DIR]
              Extract all files into DIR, or, if used without argument, into  a
              subdirectory  named  by the base name of the archive (minus stan‐
              dard compression suffixes recognizable by --auto-compress).

       --overwrite
              Overwrite existing files when extracting.

       --overwrite-dir
              Overwrite metadata of existing directories when  extracting  (de‐
              fault).

       --recursive-unlink
              Recursively remove all files in the directory prior to extracting
              it.

       --remove-files
              Remove files from disk after adding them to the archive.

       --skip-old-files
              Don't  replace existing files when extracting, silently skip over
              them.

       -U, --unlink-first
              Remove each file prior to extracting over it.

       -W, --verify
              Verify the archive after writing it.

   Output stream selection
       --ignore-command-error
              Ignore subprocess exit codes.

       --no-ignore-command-error
              Treat non-zero exit codes of children as error (default).

       -O, --to-stdout
              Extract files to standard output.

       --to-command=COMMAND
              Pipe extracted files to COMMAND.  The argument is the pathname of
              an external program, optionally with command line arguments.  The
              program will be invoked and the contents of the  file  being  ex‐
              tracted  supplied  to  it on its standard input.  Additional data
              will be supplied via the following environment variables:

              TAR_FILETYPE
                     Type of the file. It is a single letter with the following
                     meaning:

                             f           Regular file
                             d           Directory
                             l           Symbolic link
                             h           Hard link
                             b           Block device
                             c           Character device

                     Currently only regular files are supported.

              TAR_MODE
                     File mode, an octal number.

              TAR_FILENAME
                     The name of the file.

              TAR_REALNAME
                     Name of the file as stored in the archive.

              TAR_UNAME
                     Name of the file owner.

              TAR_GNAME
                     Name of the file owner group.

              TAR_ATIME
                     Time of last access. It is a decimal number,  representing
                     seconds  since  the  Epoch.  If the archive provides times
                     with nanosecond precision, the nanoseconds are appended to
                     the timestamp after a decimal point.

              TAR_MTIME
                     Time of last modification.

              TAR_CTIME
                     Time of last status change.

              TAR_SIZE
                     Size of the file.

              TAR_UID
                     UID of the file owner.

              TAR_GID
                     GID of the file owner.

              Additionally, the following variables contain  information  about
              tar operation mode and the archive being processed:

              TAR_VERSION
                     GNU tar version number.

              TAR_ARCHIVE
                     The name of the archive tar is processing.

              TAR_BLOCKING_FACTOR
                     Current blocking factor, i.e. number of 512-byte blocks in
                     a record.

              TAR_VOLUME
                     Ordinal  number  of  the  volume tar is processing (set if
                     reading a multi-volume archive).

              TAR_FORMAT
                     Format of the  archive  being  processed.   One  of:  gnu,
                     oldgnu, posix, ustar, v7.

              TAR_SUBCOMMAND
                     A short option (with a leading dash) describing the opera‐
                     tion tar is executing.

   Handling of file attributes
       --atime-preserve[=METHOD]
              Preserve  access  times  on dumped files, either by restoring the
              times after reading (METHOD=replace, this is the default)  or  by
              not setting the times in the first place (METHOD=system).

       --delay-directory-restore
              Delay setting modification times and permissions of extracted di‐
              rectories  until the end of extraction.  Use this option when ex‐
              tracting from an archive which has unusual member ordering.

       --group=NAME[:GID]
              Force NAME as group for added files.  If  GID  is  not  supplied,
              NAME  can be either a user name or numeric GID.  In this case the
              missing part (GID or name) will  be  inferred  from  the  current
              host's group database.

              When  used  with --group-map=FILE, affects only those files whose
              owner group is not listed in FILE.

       --group-map=FILE
              Read group translation map from FILE.  Empty lines  are  ignored.
              Comments  are  introduced  with  #  sign and extend to the end of
              line.  Each non-empty line in FILE defines translation for a sin‐
              gle group.  It must consist  of  two  fields,  delimited  by  any
              amount of whitespace:

              OLDGRP NEWGRP[:NEWGID]

              OLDGRP  is  either  a  valid group name or a GID prefixed with +.
              Unless NEWGID is supplied, NEWGRP must also  be  either  a  valid
              group name or a +GID.  Otherwise, both NEWGRP and NEWGID need not
              be listed in the system group database.

              As  a  result,  each  input  file with owner group OLDGRP will be
              stored in archive with owner group NEWGRP and GID NEWGID.

       --mode=CHANGES
              Force symbolic mode CHANGES for added files.

       --mtime=DATE-OR-FILE
              Set mtime for added files.  DATE-OR-FILE is either a date/time in
              almost arbitrary format, or the name of an existing file.  In the
              latter case the mtime of that file will be used.

       -m, --touch
              Don't extract file modified time.

       --no-delay-directory-restore
              Cancel the effect of the prior --delay-directory-restore option.

       --no-same-owner
              Extract files as yourself (default for ordinary users).

       --no-same-permissions
              Apply the user's  umask  when  extracting  permissions  from  the
              archive (default for ordinary users).

       --numeric-owner
              Always use numbers for user/group names.

       --owner=NAME[:UID]
              Force  NAME  as  owner  for added files.  If UID is not supplied,
              NAME can be either a user name or numeric UID.  In this case  the
              missing  part  (UID  or  name)  will be inferred from the current
              host's user database.

              When used with --owner-map=FILE, affects only those  files  whose
              owner is not listed in FILE.

       --owner-map=FILE
              Read  owner  translation map from FILE.  Empty lines are ignored.
              Comments are introduced with # sign and  extend  to  the  end  of
              line.  Each non-empty line in FILE defines translation for a sin‐
              gle  UID.  It must consist of two fields, delimited by any amount
              of whitespace:

              OLDUSR NEWUSR[:NEWUID]

              OLDUSR is either a valid user name or a UID prefixed with +.  Un‐
              less NEWUID is supplied, NEWUSR must also be either a valid  user
              name  or  a  +UID.  Otherwise, both NEWUSR and NEWUID need not be
              listed in the system user database.

              As a result, each input file owned by OLDUSR will  be  stored  in
              archive with owner name NEWUSR and UID NEWUID.

       -p, --preserve-permissions, --same-permissions
              Set  permissions  of  extracted  files  to  those recorded in the
              archive (default for superuser).

       --same-owner
              Try extracting files with the same ownership  as  exists  in  the
              archive (default for superuser).

       -s, --preserve-order, --same-order
              Tell  tar that the list of file names to process is sorted in the
              same order as the files in the archive.

       --sort=ORDER
              When creating an archive, sort directory entries according to OR‐
              DER, which is one of none, name, or inode.

              The default is --sort=none, which stores archive members  in  the
              same order as returned by the operating system.

              Using  --sort=name  ensures  the  member  ordering in the created
              archive is uniform and reproducible.

              Using --sort=inode reduces the number of  disk  seeks  made  when
              creating  the archive and thus can considerably speed up archiva‐
              tion.  This sorting order is supported  only  if  the  underlying
              system provides the necessary information.

   Extended file attributes
       --acls Enable POSIX ACLs support.

       --no-acls
              Disable POSIX ACLs support.

       --selinux
              Enable SELinux context support.

       --no-selinux
              Disable SELinux context support.

       --xattrs
              Enable extended attributes support.

       --no-xattrs
              Disable extended attributes support.

       --xattrs-exclude=PATTERN
              Specify  the  exclude pattern for xattr keys.  PATTERN is a glob‐
              bing pattern, e.g. --xattrs-exclude='user.*' to include only  at‐
              tributes from the user namespace.

       --xattrs-include=PATTERN
              Specify  the  include pattern for xattr keys.  PATTERN is a glob‐
              bing pattern.

   Device selection and switching
       -f, --file=ARCHIVE
              Use archive file or device ARCHIVE.  If this option is not given,
              tar will first examine the environment variable `TAPE'.  If it is
              set, its value will be used as the archive name.  Otherwise,  tar
              will  assume  the  compiled-in default.  The default value can be
              inspected either using the --show-defaults option, or at the  end
              of the tar --help output.

              An archive name that has a colon in it specifies a file or device
              on  a  remote machine.  The part before the colon is taken as the
              machine name or IP address, and the part after it as the file  or
              device pathname, e.g.:

              --file=remotehost:/dev/sr0

              An optional username can be prefixed to the hostname, placing a @
              sign between them.

              By  default,  the remote host is accessed via the rsh(1) command.
              Nowadays it is common to use ssh(1) instead.  You can  do  so  by
              giving the following command line option:

              --rsh-command=/usr/bin/ssh

              The  remote machine should have the rmt(8) command installed.  If
              its pathname does not match tar's default,  you  can  inform  tar
              about the correct pathname using the --rmt-command option.

       --force-local
              Archive file is local even if it has a colon.

       -F, --info-script=COMMAND, --new-volume-script=COMMAND
              Run  COMMAND  at  the end of each tape (implies -M).  The command
              can include arguments.  When started, it will inherit tar's envi‐
              ronment plus the following variables:

              TAR_VERSION
                     GNU tar version number.

              TAR_ARCHIVE
                     The name of the archive tar is processing.

              TAR_BLOCKING_FACTOR
                     Current blocking factor, i.e. number of 512-byte blocks in
                     a record.

              TAR_VOLUME
                     Ordinal number of the volume tar  is  processing  (set  if
                     reading a multi-volume archive).

              TAR_FORMAT
                     Format  of  the  archive  being  processed.   One of: gnu,
                     oldgnu, posix, ustar, v7.

              TAR_SUBCOMMAND
                     A short option (with a leading dash) describing the opera‐
                     tion tar is executing.

              TAR_FD File descriptor which can be used to communicate  the  new
                     volume name to tar.

              If the info script fails, tar exits; otherwise, it begins writing
              the next volume.

       -L, --tape-length=N
              Change  tape  after  writing Nx1024 bytes.  If N is followed by a
              size suffix (see the subsection Size suffixes below), the  suffix
              specifies the multiplicative factor to be used instead of 1024.

              This option implies -M.

       -M, --multi-volume
              Create/list/extract multi-volume archive.

       --rmt-command=COMMAND
              Use  COMMAND  instead of rmt when accessing remote archives.  See
              the description of the -f option, above.

       --rsh-command=COMMAND
              Use COMMAND instead of rsh when accessing remote  archives.   See
              the description of the -f option, above.

       --volno-file=FILE
              When  this option is used in conjunction with --multi-volume, tar
              will keep track of which volume of a multi-volume archive  it  is
              working in FILE.

   Device blocking
       -b, --blocking-factor=BLOCKS
              Set record size to BLOCKSx512 bytes.

       -B, --read-full-records
              When listing or extracting, accept incomplete input records after
              end-of-file marker.

       -i, --ignore-zeros
              Ignore  zeroed  blocks  in  archive.   Normally  two  consecutive
              512-blocks filled with zeroes mean EOF and tar stops reading  af‐
              ter  encountering them.  This option instructs it to read further
              and is useful when reading archives created with the -A option.

       --record-size=NUMBER
              Set record size.  NUMBER is the number of bytes per  record.   It
              must be multiple of 512.  It can can be suffixed with a size suf‐
              fix,  e.g.  --record-size=10K, for 10 Kilobytes.  See the subsec‐
              tion Size suffixes, for a list of valid suffixes.

   Archive format selection
       -H, --format=FORMAT
              Create archive of the given format.  Valid formats are:

              gnu    GNU tar 1.13.x format

              oldgnu GNU format as per tar <= 1.12.

              pax, posix
                     POSIX 1003.1-2001 (pax) format.

              ustar  POSIX 1003.1-1988 (ustar) format.

              v7     Old V7 tar format.

       --old-archive, --portability
              Same as --format=v7.

       --pax-option=keyword[[:]=value][,keyword[[:]=value]]...
              Control pax keywords when creating PAX archives (-H  pax).   This
              option is equivalent to the -o option of the pax(1) utility.

       --posix
              Same as --format=posix.

       -V, --label=TEXT
              Create  archive with volume name TEXT.  If listing or extracting,
              use TEXT as a globbing pattern for volume name.

   Compression options
       -a, --auto-compress
              Use archive suffix to determine the compression program.

       -I, --use-compress-program=COMMAND
              Filter data through COMMAND.  It must accept the -d  option,  for
              decompression.  The argument can contain command line options.

       -j, --bzip2
              Filter the archive through bzip2(1).

       -J, --xz
              Filter the archive through xz(1).

       --lzip Filter the archive through lzip(1).

       --lzma Filter the archive through lzma(1).

       --lzop Filter the archive through lzop(1).

       --no-auto-compress
              Do not use archive suffix to determine the compression program.

       -z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip
              Filter the archive through gzip(1).

       -Z, --compress, --uncompress
              Filter the archive through compress(1).

       --zstd Filter the archive through zstd(1).

   Local file selection
       --add-file=FILE
              Add FILE to the archive (useful if its name starts with a dash).

       --backup[=CONTROL]
              Backup  before  removal.  The CONTROL argument, if supplied, con‐
              trols the backup policy.  Its valid values are:

              none, off
                     Never make backups.

              t, numbered
                     Make numbered backups.

              nil, existing
                     Make numbered backups if numbered  backups  exist,  simple
                     backups otherwise.

              never, simple
                     Always make simple backups

              If CONTROL is not given, the value is taken from the VERSION_CON‐
              TROL  environment  variable.   If  it is not set, existing is as‐
              sumed.

       -C, --directory=DIR
              Change to DIR before performing any operations.  This  option  is
              order-sensitive, i.e. it affects all options that follow.

       --exclude=PATTERN
              Exclude files matching PATTERN, a glob(3)-style wildcard pattern.

       --exclude-backups
              Exclude backup and lock files.

       --exclude-caches
              Exclude contents of directories containing file CACHEDIR.TAG, ex‐
              cept for the tag file itself.

       --exclude-caches-all
              Exclude directories containing file CACHEDIR.TAG and the file it‐
              self.

       --exclude-caches-under
              Exclude everything under directories containing CACHEDIR.TAG

       --exclude-ignore=FILE
              Before dumping a directory, see if it contains FILE.  If so, read
              exclusion  patterns from this file.  The patterns affect only the
              directory itself.

       --exclude-ignore-recursive=FILE
              Same as --exclude-ignore, except that patterns from  FILE  affect
              both the directory and all its subdirectories.

       --exclude-tag=FILE
              Exclude  contents of directories containing FILE, except for FILE
              itself.

       --exclude-tag-all=FILE
              Exclude directories containing FILE.

       --exclude-tag-under=FILE
              Exclude everything under directories containing FILE.

       --exclude-vcs
              Exclude version control system directories.

       --exclude-vcs-ignores
              Exclude files that match patterns read from  VCS-specific  ignore
              files.   Supported files are: .cvsignore, .gitignore, .bzrignore,
              and .hgignore.

       -h, --dereference
              Follow symlinks; archive and dump the files they point to.

       --hard-dereference
              Follow hard links; archive and dump the files they refer to.

       -K, --starting-file=MEMBER
              Begin at the given member in the archive.

       --newer-mtime=DATE
              Work on files whose data changed after the DATE.  If DATE  starts
              with / or . it is taken to be a file name; the mtime of that file
              is used as the date.

       --no-null
              Disable the effect of the previous --null option.

       --no-recursion
              Avoid descending automatically in directories.

       --no-unquote
              Do not unquote input file or member names.

       --no-verbatim-files-from
              Treat  each  line read from a file list as if it were supplied in
              the command line.  I.e., leading and trailing whitespace  is  re‐
              moved  and,  if  the  resulting  string begins with a dash, it is
              treated as tar command line option.

              This is the default behavior.  The  --no-verbatim-files-from  op‐
              tion   is  provided  as  a  way  to  restore  it  after  --verba‐
              tim-files-from option.

              This option is positional: it affects  all  --files-from  options
              that occur after it in, until --verbatim-files-from option or end
              of line, whichever occurs first.

              It is implied by the --no-null option.

       --null Instruct subsequent -T options to read null-terminated names ver‐
              batim  (disables  special  handling  of  names  that start with a
              dash).

              See also --verbatim-files-from.

       -N, --newer=DATE, --after-date=DATE
              Only store files newer than DATE.  If DATE starts with / or .  it
              is taken to be a file name; the mtime of that file is used as the
              date.

       --one-file-system
              Stay in local file system when creating archive.

       -P, --absolute-names
              Don't  strip  leading  slashes  from  file  names  when  creating
              archives.

       --recursion
              Recurse into directories (default).

       --suffix=STRING
              Backup before removal, override usual suffix.  Default suffix  is
              ~,  unless  overridden by environment variable SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUF‐
              FIX.

       -T, --files-from=FILE
              Get names to extract or create from FILE.

              Unless specified otherwise, the FILE must contain a list of names
              separated by ASCII LF (i.e. one name per line).  The  names  read
              are handled the same way as command line arguments.  They undergo
              quote removal and word splitting, and any string that starts with
              a - is handled as tar command line option.

              If  this  behavior is undesirable, it can be turned off using the
              --verbatim-files-from option.

              The --null option instructs tar that the names in FILE are  sepa‐
              rated by ASCII NUL character, instead of LF.  It is useful if the
              list is generated by find(1) -print0 predicate.

       --unquote
              Unquote file or member names (default).

       --verbatim-files-from
              Treat each line obtained from a file list as a file name, even if
              it  starts  with  a  dash.   File  lists  are  supplied  with the
              --files-from (-T) option.  The  default  behavior  is  to  handle
              names supplied in file lists as if they were typed in the command
              line,  i.e. any names starting with a dash are treated as tar op‐
              tions.  The --verbatim-files-from option disables this behavior.

              This option affects all --files-from options that occur after  it
              in  the  command line.  Its effect is reverted by the --no-verba‐
              tim-files-from option.

              This option is implied by the --null option.

              See also --add-file.

       -X, --exclude-from=FILE
              Exclude files matching patterns listed in FILE.

   File name transformations
       --strip-components=NUMBER
              Strip NUMBER leading components from file names on extraction.

       --transform=EXPRESSION, --xform=EXPRESSION
              Use sed replace EXPRESSION to transform file names.

   File name matching options
       These options affect both exclude and include patterns.

       --anchored
              Patterns match file name start.

       --ignore-case
              Ignore case.

       --no-anchored
              Patterns match after any / (default for exclusion).

       --no-ignore-case
              Case sensitive matching (default).

       --no-wildcards
              Verbatim string matching.

       --no-wildcards-match-slash
              Wildcards do not match /.

       --wildcards
              Use wildcards (default for exclusion).

       --wildcards-match-slash
              Wildcards match / (default for exclusion).

   Informative output
       --checkpoint[=N]
              Display progress messages every Nth record (default 10).

       --checkpoint-action=ACTION
              Run ACTION on each checkpoint.

       --clamp-mtime
              Only set time when the file is more recent than  what  was  given
              with --mtime.

       --full-time
              Print file time to its full resolution.

       --index-file=FILE
              Send verbose output to FILE.

       -l, --check-links
              Print a message if not all links are dumped.

       --no-quote-chars=STRING
              Disable quoting for characters from STRING.

       --quote-chars=STRING
              Additionally quote characters from STRING.

       --quoting-style=STYLE
              Set  quoting  style  for file and member names.  Valid values for
              STYLE are literal, shell, shell-always, c, c-maybe,  escape,  lo‐
              cale, clocale.

       -R, --block-number
              Show block number within archive with each message.

       --show-omitted-dirs
              When  listing  or  extracting,  list each directory that does not
              match search criteria.

       --show-transformed-names, --show-stored-names
              Show file or archive names after transformation  by  --strip  and
              --transform options.

       --totals[=SIGNAL]
              Print  total  bytes  after  processing the archive.  If SIGNAL is
              given, print total bytes when this signal is delivered.   Allowed
              signals  are: SIGHUP, SIGQUIT, SIGINT, SIGUSR1, and SIGUSR2.  The
              SIG prefix can be omitted.

       --utc  Print file modification times in UTC.

       -v, --verbose
              Verbosely list files processed.  Each instance of this option  on
              the command line increases the verbosity level by one.  The maxi‐
              mum verbosity level is 3.  For a detailed discussion of how vari‐
              ous verbosity levels affect tar's output, please refer to GNU Tar
              Manual, subsection 2.5.2 "The '--verbose' Option".

       --warning=KEYWORD
              Enable  or  disable  warning messages identified by KEYWORD.  The
              messages are suppressed if KEYWORD is prefixed with no-  and  en‐
              abled otherwise.

              Multiple --warning options accumulate.

              Keywords controlling general tar operation:

              all    Enable all warning messages.  This is the default.

              none   Disable all warning messages.

              filename-with-nuls
                     "%s: file name read contains nul character"

              alone-zero-block
                     "A lone zero block at %s"

              Keywords applicable for tar --create:

              cachedir
                     "%s: contains a cache directory tag %s; %s"

              file-shrank
                     "%s: File shrank by %s bytes; padding with zeros"

              xdev   "%s: file is on a different filesystem; not dumped"

              file-ignored
                     "%s: Unknown file type; file ignored"
                     "%s: socket ignored"
                     "%s: door ignored"

              file-unchanged
                     "%s: file is unchanged; not dumped"

              ignore-archive
                     "%s: archive cannot contain itself; not dumped"

              file-removed
                     "%s: File removed before we read it"

              file-changed
                     "%s: file changed as we read it"

              failed-read
                     Suppresses warnings about unreadable files or directories.
                     This  keyword applies only if used together with the --ig‐
                     nore-failed-read option.

              Keywords applicable for tar --extract:

              existing-file
                     "%s: skipping existing file"

              timestamp
                     "%s: implausibly old time stamp %s"
                     "%s: time stamp %s is %s s in the future"

              contiguous-cast
                     "Extracting contiguous files as regular files"

              symlink-cast
                     "Attempting extraction of symbolic links as hard links"

              unknown-cast
                     "%s: Unknown file type '%c', extracted as normal file"

              ignore-newer
                     "Current %s is newer or same age"

              unknown-keyword
                     "Ignoring unknown extended header keyword '%s'"

              decompress-program
                     Controls verbose description of  failures  occurring  when
                     trying  to  run  alternative  decompressor programs.  This
                     warning is disabled by default (unless --verbose is used).
                     A common example of what you can get when using this warn‐
                     ing is:

                     $ tar --warning=decompress-program -x -f archive.Z
                     tar (child): cannot run compress: No such file or directory
                     tar (child): trying gzip

                     This means that tar first tried  to  decompress  archive.Z
                     using compress, and, when that failed, switched to gzip.

              record-size
                     "Record size = %lu blocks"

              Keywords controlling incremental extraction:

              rename-directory
                     "%s: Directory has been renamed from %s"
                     "%s: Directory has been renamed"

              new-directory
                     "%s: Directory is new"

              xdev   "%s: directory is on a different device: not purging"

              bad-dumpdir
                     "Malformed dumpdir: 'X' never used"

       -w, --interactive, --confirmation
              Ask for confirmation for every action.

   Compatibility options
       -o     When  creating,  same as --old-archive.  When extracting, same as
              --no-same-owner.

   Size suffixes
               Suffix    Units                   Byte Equivalent
               b         Blocks                  SIZE x 512
               B         Kilobytes               SIZE x 1024
               c         Bytes                   SIZE
               G         Gigabytes               SIZE x 1024^3
               K         Kilobytes               SIZE x 1024
               k         Kilobytes               SIZE x 1024
               M         Megabytes               SIZE x 1024^2
               P         Petabytes               SIZE x 1024^5
               T         Terabytes               SIZE x 1024^4
               w         Words                   SIZE x 2

RETURN VALUE
       Tar's exit code indicates whether it was able  to  successfully  perform
       the requested operation, and if not, what kind of error occurred.

       0      Successful termination.

       1      Some  files  differ.   If  tar  was  invoked  with  the --compare
              (--diff, -d) command line option, this means that some  files  in
              the  archive  differ  from  their  disk counterparts.  If tar was
              given one of the --create, --append  or  --update  options,  this
              exit code means that some files were changed while being archived
              and  so  the resulting archive does not contain the exact copy of
              the file set.

       2      Fatal error.  This means that some fatal, unrecoverable error oc‐
              curred.

       If a subprocess that had been invoked by tar exited with a nonzero  exit
       code, tar itself exits with that code as well.  This can happen, for ex‐
       ample,  if a compression option (e.g. -z) was used and the external com‐
       pressor program failed.  Another example is rmt failure during backup to
       a remote device.

SEE ALSO
       bzip2(1), compress(1), gzip(1), lzma(1),  lzop(1),  rmt(8),  symlink(7),
       xz(1), zstd(1).

       Complete tar manual: run info tar or use emacs(1) info mode to read it.

       Online  copies  of GNU tar documentation in various formats can be found
       at:

           https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual

BUG REPORTS
       Report bugs to <[email protected]>.

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright © 2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
       License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/li‐
       censes/gpl.html>
       This is free software: you are  free  to  change  and  redistribute  it.
       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

TAR                              July 11, 2022                           TAR(1)